Definisi Statistika Deskriptif dan Statistika Inferensial

 

 

Statistika adl ilmu yg mempelajari bagaimana merencanakan mengumpulkan menganalisis menginterpretasi dan mempresentasikan data. Statistika merupakan ilmu yg berkenaan dgn data sedang statistik adl data informasi atau hasil penerapan algoritma statistika pada suatu data. Beberapa istilah statistika antara lain: populasi sampel unit sampel dan probabilitas.

Ada dua macam statistika yaitu statistika deskriptif dan statistika inferensial. Statistika deskriptif berkenaan dgn deskripsi data misal dari menghitung rata-rata dan varians dari data mentah; mendeksripsikan menggunakan tabel-tabel atau grafik sehingga data mentah lbh mudah “dibaca” dan lbh bermakna. Sedangkan statistika inferensial lbh dari itu misal melakukan pengujian hipotesis melakukan prediksi observasi masa depan atau membuat model regresi.

Statistika deskriptif berkenaan dgn bagaimana data dapat digambarkan dideskripsikan) atau disimpulkan baik secara numerik (misal menghitung rata-rata dan deviasi standar) atau secara grafis (dalam bentuk tabel atau grafik) utk mendapatkan gambaran sekilas mengenai data tersebut sehingga lbh mudah dibaca dan bermakna.

Statistika inferensial berkenaan dgn permodelan data dan melakukan pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan analisis data misal melakukan pengujian hipotesis melakukan estimasi pengamatan masa mendatang (estimasi atau prediksi) membuat permodelan hubungan (korelasi regresi ANOVA deret waktu) dan sebagainya.

Nama : Arnis Haerani

Nim : 1133368657

Jurusan : TI

Konsentrasi : AI

	Assessment Table
No.	Descriptions	Value	Score
1.	Datang tepat waktu dan kondisi baterai ipad >50%	100	V
2.	Mengikuti quiz pada setiap pertemuan	150	V
3.	Mengikuti raharja career	100
4.	Menghasilkan artikel mengenai statistik minimal 8 hal	150	V
5.	Menghasilkan Journal CCIT	100
6.	Memiliki website/blog pribadi, dengan ketentuan :Mendokumentasikan laporan akhir mata kuliah statistik.Memiliki Koleksi foto dan musikMenceritakan hal “Alasan mengapa anda memilih perguruan tinggi raharja”, dan terdapat kata-kata kunci : a). Green campus, b). Kampus unggulan, c).Pribadi raharja, d). perguruan tinggi raharja/STMIK Raharja/Amik raharja.	150
7.	Mengikuti 2 Seminar IT	150
8.	Keaktifan dikelas & absensi kuliah 100% t dan th	100	V
9.	Menghasilkan Hibah Peneltian	100
Total                                                           1000		1000

absen statistik

quiz Statistik

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ELEVENTH MEETING (ARCHITECTURE)

Organic architecture – that is, natural architecture – may vary in concept and form, but it is always faithful to natural principles. The architect dedicated to the promulgation of organic architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it.

Natural principles, the are principles of design, not style, expressed by means and modes of construction that reflect unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale.

From the outside, an organic structure is so much a part of nature that is often obscured by it. In other words, it may be not easy, or maybe not even possible, for the human eye to separate the artificial structure from the natural terrain. Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole structure, providing a sense of communication with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces open into one another. The number of walls for separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing the functional spaces to flow together.

TWELFTH MEETING (ALCHEMY)

The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are those of the English monk Roger Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of imperfection from gold.

Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their work.

Many laboratory alchemists earnestly devoted themselves to the scientific discovery of new compounds and reactions and, therefore, must be considered the legitimate forefathers of modern chemistry.

Thus, by the fourteenth century, alchemy had developed two distinct groups of practitioners – the laboratory alchemist and the literary alchemist.

THIRTEENTH MEETING (WRIGHT BROTHERS)

First, they were a team. Both men worked congenially and cooperatively, read the same books, located and shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and encouragement to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are better than one.

They had realized from their experiments that the most serious challenge in manned flight would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft once it was airborne.

In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the airplane than had been previously engineered.

The data from these experiments allowed the Wright brothers to construct a superior wing for their aircraft.

FOURTEENTH MEETING (FEDERAL RESERVE)

The Federal Reserve System, as an independent agency of the United States government, is charged with overseeing the national banking system. Since 1913 the Federal Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, has served as the central bank for the United Stated.

The System’s primarily function is to control monetary policy by influencing the cost and availability of money and credit through the purchase and sale of government securities.

In collaboration with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Fed puts new coins and paper currency into circulation by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the activities of member banks abroad, and regulates certain aspects of international finance.

Vhie sedang mengetik …

Tulis balasan…     Tautan

Quiz meeting 7

Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION

1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

A. To describe the San Andreas Fault

B. To give a definition of a fault

C. To explain the reason for tremors and earthquakes

D. To classify different kinds of faults

2. How does the author define the San Andreas Fault?

A. A plate that underlies the North American continent

B. A crack in the Earth’s crush between two plates

C. Occasional tremors and earthquakes

D. Intense pressure that builds up

3. The word originates in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

A. gets wider C. begins

B. changes direction D. disappears

4. In which direction does the western side of the fault move?

A. West B. East C. North D. South

5. The word it in the paragraph 1 refers to

A. San Francisco B. ocean C. coast D. fault

6. The word intermittent in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which one of the following?

A. dangerous C. uncommon

B. predictable D. occasional

7. Along the San Andreas Fault, tremors are

A. small and insignificant C. frequent events

B. rare, but disastrous D. very unpredictable

8. The phrase “the Big One” refers to which of the following?

A. A serious earthquake C. The river scale

B. The San Andreas Fault D. California

9. Which of the following words best describes the San Andreas Fault?

A. Straight B. Deep C. Wide D. Rough

Problem 52 Count Nouns

Remember that count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Plural numbers can precede count nouns but not noncount nouns.

There are several categories of count nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them are listed here.

1. Names of persons, their relationships, and their occupations:

one boy two boys

one friend two friends

one student two students

2. Names of animals, plants, insects:

one dog two dogs

one flower two flowers

one bee two bees

3. Names of things with a definite, individual shape:

one car two cars

one house two houses

one room two rooms

4. Units of measurement

one inch two inches

one pound two pounds

one degree two degrees

5. Units of classification in society:

one family two families

one country two countries

one language two languages

6. Containers of noncount solid, liquids, pastes, and gases:

one bottle two bottles

one jar two jars

one tube two tubes

7. A limited number of abstract concepts:

one idea two ideas

one invention two inventions

one plan two plans

Number (plural) Noun (count-plural)

sixty years

Avoid using a singular count noun with a

plural number.

Examples :

– Incorrect :We have twenty dollar left.

Correct :We have twentydollars left.

Problem 53 : Nouncount Nouns

Remember noncount nouns have only one form. They are used in agreement with singular verbs. The word the does not precede them.

There are categories of noncount nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them are listed here.

1.Food staples that can be purchased in various forms:

•bread

•meat

•Butter

2. Construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made:

•wood

•iron

•Grass

3. Liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the container:

•oil

•tea

•milk

4. Natural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws:

•steam, water, ice

•smoke, ashes

•oxygen

5. Substances with many small parts:

•rice

•sand

•sugar

6. Groups of things that have different sizes and shapes:

•clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock)

•furniture (a table, a chair, a bed)

•luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)

•

7. Languages:

•Arabic

•Japanese

Spanish

8. Abstract concepts, often with endings -ness, -ance, -ence, -ity:

•beauty

•ignorance

•piece

9. Most -ing forms:

•learning

•shopping

•working

Noun (noncount) verb (singular)

Friendship is important

Avoid using the before a nouncount noun. Avoid using a plural verb with a nouncount noun.

Examples :

Incorrect :The happiness means different things to different people.

Correct :Happiness means different things to different people.

Problem 54 Nouns with Count and Nouncount Meanings

Remember that some nouns may be used asnoncount nouns depending on their meanings. Materials are abstract concepts arenoncount nouns, but they may be used ascount nouns to express specific meanings.

Count noun

Specific meaning

Noun

Nouncount

General meaning

an agreement

an occasion

agreement

abstract concept

agreements

a document

all agreements

a bone

a part of a

bone

construction

bones

skeleton

material

a business

a company

business

abstract concept

business

all businessTransactions

a cloth

a piece of

cloth

construction

cloths

cloth

material

a decision

an occasion

decision

abstract concept

decisions

all decisions

an education

a specific

education

abstract concept

educations

all decisions

a fire

an event

fire

material

fires

a glass

a container

glass

construction

glasses

material

a history

a historical

history

abstract concept

histories

account

all history

an honor

an occasion

honor

abstract concept

honors

or an award

all honor

a language

a specific

language

abstract concept

languages

variety

all languages

a life

a specific

life

abstract concept

lives

person’s

all life

a light

a lamp

light

the absence of

lights

darkness

a noise

a specific

noise

abstract concept

noises

sound

all sounds

a pain

a specific

pain

abstract concept

pains

occasion

all pain

a paper

a document

paper

construction

papers

or sheet

material

a pleasure

a specific

pleasure

abstract concept

pleasures

occasion

all pleasure

a silence

a specific

silence

abstract concept

silences

occasion

all silences

a space

a blank

space

the universe

spaces

a stone

a small rock

stone

construction

stones

material

a success

an achieve-

success

abstract concept

successes

ment

all success

a thought

an idea

thought

abstract concept

thoughts

all thought

a time

a historical period

time

abstract concept

times

or moment

all time

a war

a specific war

war

the general act of war

wars

all wars

a work

an artistic creation

work

employment

works

abstract concept

all work

a document

I have a paper due Monday

construction material

Let’s use paper to make the present

Avoid using count nouns with specific meanings to express the general meanings of noncount nouns.

Examples :

Incorrect r. Bradley will receive special honor at the graduation.

Correct r. Bradley will receive a special honor at the graduation. (an

award)

Problem 55 Count and Nouncount Nouns with Similar Meanings

Remember that there are pairs of nouns with similar meanings, but one is a count noun and the other is a noncount noun.

Count noun

Nouncount noun

a climate

weather

climates

a laugh

laughter

laughs

a human being

humanity

human beings

a job

work

jobs

a machine

machinery

machines

a man

mankind; man

men

a person

people

persons

a snowflake

snow

snowflakes

a sunbeam

sunlight; sunshine

sunbeams

a traffic jam

traffic

traffic jams

a noun (count)

The shape of a snowflake is unique

Avoid using a with a noncount noun instead of a singular count noun.

Examples :

Incorrect :California has a good weather.

Correct :California has good weather.

or

California has a good climate.

Problem 56 Noncount Nouns that Are Count Nouns in Other Languages

Remember, many nouns that are count nouns in other languages may be noncount nouns in English.

Some of the most troublesome have been listed for you on the following page.

advice; anger; courage; damage; equipment; fun; homework; ignorance; information; knowledge; leisure; luck; money; music; news; patience; permission; poetry; poverty; progress.

Noun (noncount)

Did you do your homework

Avoid using a or an before noncount nouns.

Examples :

Incorrect o you have an information about it?

Correct o you have information about it?

Problem 57 Singular and Plural Expression of Noncount Nouns

Remember that the following singular and plural expressions are idiomatic:

a piece of advice two pieces of advice

a piece of bread two pieces of bread

a piece of equipment two pieces of equipment

a piece of furniture two pieces of furniture

a piece of information two pieces of information

a piece of jewelry two pieces of jewelry

a piece of luggage two pieces of luggage

a piece of mail two pieces of mail

a piece of music two pieces of music

a piece of news two pieces of news

a piece of toast two pieces of toast

a loaf of bread two loaves of bread

a slice of bread two slices of bread

an ear of corn two ears of corns

a bar of soap two bars of soap

a bolt of lightning two bolts of lightning

a clap of thunder two claps of thunder

a gust of wind two gusts of wind

a singular of noun (noncount)

A folk song a piece of Popular music

number plural of noun (noncount)

I order twelve bars of soap

Avoid using the noncount noun without the singular or plural idiom to express a singular or plural.

Examples :

Incorrect :A mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the

envelope.

Correct :A piece of mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on

the envelope.

Problem 58 Classifications–Kind and Type

Remember that kind and type express classification.

kinds noun (plural count)

types of (noncount)

Cable TV has many different kinds of shows

Dr. Parker gives several types of homework

kind noun (singular count)

one type of (noncount)

One kind of show Is news

One type of homework is a lab report

Avoid using kind and type with a plural noun. Avoid using kind and type without of.

Examples :

Incorrect :There are four kind of Coke now.

Correct :There are four kinds of Coke now.

Problem 59 Infinitive and –ing Subjects

Remember that either an infinitive or an -ing form may be used as the subject of a sentence or clause.

S (infinitive) V

To read a foreign language is even more difficult

S (-ing) V

Reading quickly and well requires practice

Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive or an -ing in the subject. Avoid using to with an -ing form.

Examples :

Incorrect :To working provides people with personal satisfaction as well

as money.

Correct :To work provides people with personal satisfaction as well as

money.

or

Working provides people with personal satisfaction as well as

money.

Problem 60 Qualifying Phrases with –ing Nouns

Remember that -ing form may be used as a noun. In some grammar books, the -ing form is called a gerund. Remember that -ing form are usually noncount nouns and that noncount nouns are not preceded by the unless followed by a qualifying phrase.

We have already classified most -ing form as noncount nouns, but there is one pattern in which the is used with a noncount noun-ing noun. When a prepositional phrase qualifies the noun, that is, adds specific information, the may be used with an-ing noun subject.

qualifying phrase

the -ing of noun

The reading of technical material requires knowledge of technical terms

Examples :

Incorrect :Correcting errors in a language class can be embarrassing.

Correct :The correctingof errors in a language class can be

embarrassing.

Problem 61 Nominal That Clause

Remember that sometimes the subject of a verb is a single noun. Other times it is a

long noun phrase or a long noun clause.

One example of long noun clause is the nominal that clause. Like all clauses, the nominal that clause has a subject and verb. The nominal that clause function as the main subject of the main verb which follows it.

Nominal that clause S V

That vitamin C prevents colds is well known

Examples :

Incorrect :That it is that she has known him for a long time influenced her

decision.

Correct :That she has known him for a long timeinfluenced her

decision.

Quiz meeting6

QUIZ : COMPREHENSION
1. Which of the following would the best title for the passage?
A.Webster’s Work C. Webster’s School
B. Webster’s Dictionary D. Webster’s Life
2. The word inadequate in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. unavailable C. difficult
B. Expensive D. unsatisfactory
3. Why did Webster write A Grammatical Institutes of the English Language?
A. He wanted to supplement his income.
B. There were no books available after the Revolutionary War.
C. He felt that British books were not appropriate for American children.
D. The children did not know how to spell.
4. From which publication did Webster earn a lifetime income?
A. Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
B. An American Dictionary of the English Language
C. An American Dictionary of the English Language: Second Edition
D. The American Spelling Book
5. The word considerable in paragraph 1 most nearly means
A.large B. prestigious C. steady D. unexpected
6. When was An American Dictionary of the English Language published?
A. 1817 B. 1807 C. 1828 D. 1824
7. The word it in the paragraph 2 refers to
A.language. B. Usage C. Authority D. Dictionary
8. The word distinct in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. new B. simple C. different D. Exact
9. According to this passage, which one of the following spellings would Webster have approved in his dictionaries?
A. Develop B. Theatre C. Color D. Honor

Problem 42 Subject Pronouns

Remember personal pronouns used as the subject of a sentence or clause should be subject case pronouns.

Pronoun (subject) V

If the weather is good Ellen and I will go to the beach

Remember that the following pronouns are subject pronouns:

I; you; he/she; it; we; you; they

Avoid using an object pronoun as a subject.

Examples

Incorrect :When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for

another apartment.

Correct :When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another

apartment.

Problem 43 Subject Pronouns in Complement Position

Remember that in complement position after the verb BE, a subject pronoun must be used.

It Be pronoun (subject)

It is he whom the committee has named

Avoid using an object pronoun instead of a subject pronoun after the verb BE.

Examples

Incorrect :It was her whom everyone wanted to win.

Correct :It was she whom everyone wanted to win.

Problem 44 Object Pronouns

Remember personal pronouns used as the complement of a sentence or clause should be object case pronouns.

S V pronoun (object)

They asked us, Jane and me, whether we were satisfie

Remember that the following pronouns are object pronouns:

me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them

Avoid using a subject pronoun as an object.

Let pronoun (object) V

Let us (you and me) try to reach an agreement

Avoid using a subject pronoun after let.

Examples

Incorrect :He always helps my wife and I with our tax returns.

Correct :He always helps my wife and mewith our tax returns.

Problem 45. Object Pronouns after prepositions

Remember personal pronouns used as the object of a preposition should be object case pronouns.

preposition pronoun (object)

I would be glad to take a massage for her

Remember that the following prepositions are commonly used with object pronouns:

among, between, for, from, of, to, with

Avoid using a subject pronoun instead of an object pronoun after a preposition.

Examples

Incorrect :The experiment proved to my lab partner and I that prejudices about

the results of an investigation are often unfounded.

Correct :The experiment proved to my lab partner and me that prejudices about

the results of an investigation are often

unfounded.

Problem 46. Possessive Pronouns Before –ing Forms

Remember that possessive pronouns are used before –ing nouns.

The following are possessive pronouns:

my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their

V Ph

S V pronouns (possessive) -ing form (noun)

We can count on her helping us

He regretted their misunderstanding him

Avoid using subject or object pronouns between the verb and the -ing form.

Examples

Incorrect :We don’t understand why you object to him coming with us.

Correct :We don’t understand why you object to his coming with us.

Problem 47 Possessive Pronouns Before Parts of the Body

Remember that possessive pronouns are used before the nouns that a part of the body.

pronoun (possessive) noun (part of the body)

He hurt his arm

Avoid using the instead of a possessive pronoun.

Examples

Incorrect :How did you twist the ankle?

Correct :How did you twist your ankle?

Problem 48 Relative Pronouns that Refer to Person and Things.

Remember that who is used to refer to persons, and which is used to refer to things.

someone who

She is the secretary who works in the international office

Avoid using which instead of who in reference to a person.

something which

This is the new typewriter which

you ordered

Avoid using who instead of which in reference to a thing.

Examples

Incorrect :The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room.

Correct :The people who cheated on the examination had to leave the room.

Problem 49. Relative Pronouns that refer to Persons

Remember that both who and whom are used to refer persons. Who is used as the subject of a sentence or a clause. Whom is used as the complement of a sentence or a clause.

Whom is often used after a preposition as the object of the preposition.

who V

Everyone who took the tour was impressed by the paintings

Avoid using whom as the subject of a verb.

` whom V

He was the only American whom I saw at the conference

Avoid using who instead of whom before a subject and a verb.

Examples

Incorrect :I asked him who he was calling.

Correct :I asked him whom he was calling.

Problem 50 Reflexive Pronouns

Remember that reflexive pronouns may be used when both the subject and the complement refer to the same person or thing. Reflexive pronouns are used as the complement of a sentence or a clause or as the object of preposition. The following are reflexive pronouns:

Myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself;

ourselves; yourselves; themselves

S V pronoun (reflexive)

Some language learners can correct themselves

Avoid using object pronouns or possessive pronouns instead of reflexive pronouns.

Examples

Incorrect :Be careful or you will hurt to

you.

Correct :Be careful or you will hurt toyourself.

Problem 51 Reciprocal Pronouns

Remember that the reciprocal pronouns phrase each other may be used when the plural subject and complement refer to the same persons or things, and they are performing a reciprocal (mutual) act.

S V pronoun (reciprocal)

My sister and I visit each other about once a week

Remember that each other is used to express mutual acts for all persons. One another is also correct.

Examples

Incorrect :Family members love to each other.

Correct :Family members love each other.

Quiz meeting 5

Quiz meeting 5 with problem 31 – 41

QUIZ : COMPREHENSION

1.What is this passage mainly about?

A.The evolution of the horse

B.The migration of horses

C.The modern-day pony

D.The replacement of the anchitheres by the hipparion

2.According to the author, fossils are considered valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?

A.they suggest how the climate may have been

B.they provide information about migration

C.they document the evolution of the horse

D.they maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene Age

3.The word instigated in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by?

A.Explained B.Caused C.Improved D.Influenced

4.What does the author mean by the statement Geologists believe that the first horses appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago as compared with two million years ago for the appearance of human beings?

A.Horses appeared long before human beings according to the theories of geologists.

B.Both horses and human beings appeared several million years ago, if we believe geologists.

C.The geological records for the appearance of horses and human beings are not very accurate.

D.Horses and human beings cannot be compared by geologists because they appeared too long ago.

5.Which of the following conclusions may be made on the basis of information in the passage?

A.The hipparions migrated to Europe to feed in developing grasslands.

B.There are no fossil remains of either the anchitheres or the hipparion.

C.There were horses in North America when the first European colonists arrived.

D.Very little is known about the evolution of the horse.

6.The word extinct in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to?

A.Familiar B.Widespread C.nonexistent D.tame

7.It can be concluded from this passage that the?

AMiocene Period was prior to the Pleistocene

B.Pleistocene Period was prior to the Miocene

C.Pleistocene Period was prior to the Pliocene

D.Pliocene Period was prior to Miocene

PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVES

A passive changes the emphasis of a sentence. Usually in a passive, the event or result is more important than the person who causes it to happen.

For example, born, known as, and leftare participles. They are commonly used with BE in passive sentences.

Why? Because the person born, the person known, and the person or thing left are the important parts of the sentences.

•Problem 31 Passive–Word Order

Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor.

Passive sentences are also common in certain styles of scientific writing.

S Be participle

State University is located at the corner of College and Third

Avoid using a participle without a form of the verb BE.

Examples

Incorrect :My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold.

Correct :My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold.

(It is the ring, not the person who made the ring, that is important.)

•Problem 32 Passive–Agent

Remember that in a passive sentence, the actor is unknown or not important. The subject is not the actor.

The actor in a passive sentence is called the agent.

person

by machine

This report was written by Phil

It was printed by computer

Avoid using for or from instead of by.

Examples

Incorrect :The decisions on cases like this are made from Dean White.

Correct :The decisions on cases like this are made by Dean White.

•Problem 33 Passive–Infinitives

Remember that a passive infinitive can be used with a present form of the BE verb to express a future inspection, and with the past form of BE verb to express an intention

that was not realized in the past

S Be (present) to be participle future time

The project is to be completed by 2005

S Be (past) to be participle future time

The project was to be completed by 1995

Avoid using a participle without to or be to express intention. Avoid using a verb word instead of a participle with to be.

Examples

Incorrect :The play was to be cancel, but it was only postponed.

Correct :The play was to be canceled, but it was only postponed.

•Problem 34 Necessity for Repair or Improvement–Need

Remember that NEED may express necessity for repair or improvement.

S NEED -ing form

This paragraph needs revising

Avoid using an infinitive or a participle instead of an –ing form.

S NEED to be participle

This paragraph needs to be revised

Avoid using –ing form instead of a participle.

Examples

Incorrect :His car needs to fix.

Correct :His car needs fixing.

or

His car needs to be fixed.

•Problem 35 Belief and Knowledge–Anticipatory It

Remember that an anticipatory it clause expresses belief or knowledge. Anticipatory means before. Some it clauses that go before main clauses are listed below:

It is believed; It is hypothesized; It is known; It is said; It is thought; It is true; It is written

Anticipatory it that S V

It is believed that all mammals experience dreams.

Avoid using –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory it clause.

Examples

Incorrect :It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as

well.

Correct :It is hypothesized that the subjectsin the control group will not score as

well.

PROBLEMS WITH HAVE + PARTICIPLE

Have, has, or had + participle express duration of time.

•Problem 36 Duration–HAVE Participle

Remember HAVE + participle means that the activity is extended over a period of time. HAVE + participle is especially common with adverbs of duration such as since and for.

S HAVE participle

(duration)

The English language has changed since Shakespeare’s time.

Avoid using the participle instead of HAVE + participle. Avoid using a verb word or a past form instead of a participle.

Examples

Incorrect :We have live in Seattle for five years.

Correct :We have lived in Seattle for five years.

•Problem 37 Duration–HAVE + Been + Participle

Remember that HAVE + been + participle means that a recently completed activity was extended over a period of time.

Remember that it is a passive. The actor is not known or not important.

HAVE been participle

She has been accepted to State University

Avoid using HAVE + participle instead of HAVE + been + participle in a passive pattern. Avoid using been + participle.

Examples

Incorrect :The party has planned for two weeks.

Correct :The party has been planned for two weeks.

(It is the party, not the person who planned it, that is important.)

•Problem 38 Predictions–Will Have + Participle

Remember that will have followed by a participle and a future adverb expresses a prediction for a future activity or event.

adverb (future) S will have participle

By the year 2010 researchers will have discovered a cure of cancer

Avoid using will instead of will have.

Examples

Incorrect :You will finished your homework by the time the movie starts.

Correct :You will have finished your homework by the time the movie starts.

•Problem 39 Unfulfilled Desires in the Past–Had Hoped

Remember that had hoped expresses a hope in the past that did not happen.

S had hoped that S would verb word

We had hoped that she would change her mind

Avoid using a verb word instead of would and a verb word.

Avoid using the incorrect pattern:

S had hoped object pronoun -ing form verb word

We had hoped her changing her mind

Examples

Incorrect :He had hoped that he graduate this semester, but he couldn’t finish his thesis

in time.

Correct :He had hoped that he would graduate this semester, but he couldn’t finish his

thesis in time.

PROBLEMS WITH HAVE + PARTICIPLE

Auxiliary verbs are additional verbs that may be used with main verbs to add meaning. For example, all of the forms of BE, HAVE, DO, and all modals are auxiliary verbs.

•Problem 40 Missing Auxiliary Verb–Active

Remember that some main verbs require auxiliary verbs

BE -ing

Mom is watering her plants.

HAVE participle

Mom has watered her plants

MODAL verb word

Mom should water her plants.

Avoid using –ing forms without BE, participles without HAVE, and verb words without modals when–ing, a participle, or a verb word function as main verb.

Examples

Incorrect :The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.

Correct :The party is a surprise, but all of her friends are coming.

•Problem 41 kj
Missing Auxiliary Verb–Passive

Remember the passive requires an auxiliary BE verb.

S BE participle

The plants are watered

The plants have been watered

The plants should be watered

Avoid using a passive without a form of BE.

Examples

Incorrect :The phone answered automatically.

Correct :The phone is answered automatically.

quiz meeting 4

Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION – STRUCTURE SECTION

1. With which of the following topics in the passage primarily concerned?

A. Local research and harmful effects of fertilizer

B. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid fertilizer

C. A formula for the production of fertilizer

D. Content, form, and effects of fertilizer

2. The word essential in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?

A. limited. B. preferred C. anticipated D. required

3. Which of the following has the smallest percentage content in the formula 4-8-2?

A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Acid D. Potash

4. What is the percentage of nitrogen in a 5-8-7 formula fertilizer?

A. 3 percent B. 5 percent C. 7 percent D. 8 percent

5. The word designate in the paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

A. Modify B. specify C. Limit D. increase

6. Which of the following statements about fertilizer is true?

A. Powders are more popular than ever.

B. Solids are difficult to store.

C. Liquids are increasing in popularity.

D. Chemical granules are difficult to apply.

7. The word they in the paragraph 2 refers to

A. Powder B. solids C. Liquids D. fertilizer

8. The word convenient in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. Effective B. plentiful C. easy to use D. heap to produce
Problem 21 Factual Conditionals–Absolute, Scientific Results
CONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S V (present) If a catalyst is used , the reaction occurs more rapidlyOrCONDITION RESULT If S V (present) , S will verb word If a catalyst is used , the reaction will occur more rapidlyIncorrect: If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they withered and died.Correct : If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they wither and die. or If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they will wither and die.
Incorrect: If the trajectory of a satellite will be slightly off at lunch, it will get worse as the flight progresses.Correct : If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch, it gets worse as the flight progresses. or If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at lunch,it will get worse as the flight progresses.Incorrect: If light strikes a rough surface, it diffused.Correct : If light strikes a rough surface, it diffuses . or If light strikes a rough surface, it will diffuse .

Problem 22 Factual Conditionals – Probable Resultsfor the Future
will canIf S V (present) , S may verb word If we find her address , we will write her
will canS may verb word if S V (present) We will write her if we find her address

Incorrect: We will wait if you wanted to goCorrect : We will wait if you want to go or If you want to go, we will wait.
Incorrect: If you listen to the questions carefully, you answer them easily.Correct : If you listen to the questions carefully, you will answer them easily. or You will answer them easily if you listen to the questions carefully.

Incorrect: If we finished our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum.Correct : If we finish our work a little early today, we’ll attend the lecture at the art museum. or We’ll attend the lecture at the art museum if we finish our work a little early today.

Problem 23 Factual Conditionals – Possible Results
would couldIf S V (past) , S might verb wordIf we found her address, we would write herIf we found her address, we could write herIf we found her address, we might write her or would could S might verb word if S V (past)We would write her if we found her addressWe could write her if we found her addressWe might write her if we found her address

Incorrect: If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t have been so nervous.Correct : If Judi didn’t drink so much coffee, she wouldn’t be so nervous. or Judi wouldn’t be so nervous if she didn’t drink so much coffee.
Incorrect: If you would go to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning.Correct : If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning. or You wouldn’t be so sleepy in the morning if you went to bed earlier.
Incorrect: If she would eat fewer sweets, she would lose weight.Correct : If she ate fewer sweets, she would lose weight. or She would lose weight if she ate fewer sweets.

Problem 24 Factual Conditionals – Probable Changes In Past Results

would have could haveIf S had participle , S might have participleIf we had found her address, we would have written herIf we had found her address, we could have written herIf we had found her address, we might have written her

Incorrect: If her mother let her, Anne would have stayed longer. Correct : if her mother had let her, Anne would have stayed longer. or Anne would have stayed longer if her mother had let her.
Incorrect: If we would have known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met her at the bus station. Correct : If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we could have met at the bus station. or We could have met her at the bus station if we had known that she had planned to arrive today.
Incorrect: If I had more time, I would have checked my paper again. Correct : if i had had more time, i would have checked my paper again. or i would have checked my paper again if i had had more time.

Problem 25 Contrary–to–Fact Conditionals–Impossible Results Were

If S wereIf the party were on Friday, we could go.

Incorrect: If the meat was a little more done, this would be an excellent meal.Correct : If the neat were a little more done, this would be an excellent meal. (The meat is not done) or This would be an excellent meal if the meat were a little more done. (The meat is not done)
Incorrect: If my daughter is here, I would be very happy. Correct : If my daughter were here, I would be very happy. (My daughter is not here) or I would be very happy if my daughter were here. (My daughter is not here)
Incorrect: This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. Correct : This apartment be perfect if it were a little larger. (The apartment is not larger.) or If it were a little larger, this apartment be perfec. (The apartment is not larger.)

Problem 27 Importance–Subjunctive–Verbs
S V that S VMr. Johnson prefers that she speak with him personally

Incorrect: The foreign student advisor recommended that she studied more English before enrolling at the university.Correct : The foreign student advisor recommended that she study more English before enrolling at the university.
Incorrect: The law requires that everyone has his car checked at least once a year.Correct : The law requires that everyone have his car checked at least once a year.
Incorrect: She insisted that they would give her a receipt.Correct : She insisted that they give her a receipt.

Problem 28 Importance–Nouns Derived from Subjunctive Verbs

demand; insistence; preference; proposal;recommendation; request; requirement; suggestion.
noun that S verb word The recommendation that we be evaluated was approved

Incorrect: She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.Correct : She ignored the the suggestion that she get more exercise.
Incorrect: The terrorist’s demand that the airline provides a plane will not be met by deadline.Correct : The terrorist’s demand that the airline provide a plane will not be met by deadline.
Incorrect: He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he dropping the class.Correct : He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he drop the class.

Problem 29 Importance–Impersonal Expressions

essential; imperative;important; necessary.It is adjective infinitive It is important to verify the data orIt is adjective that S verb word It is important that the data be verify

Incorrect: It is important that I will speak with Mr. Williams immediately.Correct : It is important to speak with Mr. William immediately. or It is important that i speak with Mr. Williams immediately.
Incorrect: It is imperative that your signature appears on your identification card.Correct : It is imperative to sign your identification card. or It is imperative that your sign appear on your identification card.Incorrect: It is essential that all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1.Correct : It is essential to file all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July 1. or It is essential that all applications and transcripts be filed no later than July 1.

Quiz meeting 3

Quiz meeting 3

Quiz : READING COMPREHENSION

1. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs ?

A. The temperature of the ocean’s surface

B. Cloud formation over the ocean

C. A model of the ocean’s movements

D. The location of sea ice

2. With which topic is the passage primarily concerned ?

A. Technological advances in oceanography

B. Communication among divers

C. Direct observation of the ocean floor

D. Undersea vehicles

4. The word sluggish in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to?

A. nervous B. confuse C. slow moving D. very week

5. Divers have had problems in communicating underwater because ? A. the pressure affected their speech organs

B. the vehicles they used have not been perfected

C. they did not pronounce clearly

D. the water destroyed their speech organs

6. This passage suggests that the successful exploration of the ocean depends upon ?

A. vehicles as well as divers


B. radios that divers use to communicate

C. controlling currents and the weather

D. the limitations of diving equipment

7. Undersea vehicles ?

A. are too small for a man to fit inside

B. are very slow to respond

C. have the same limitations that divers have

D. make direct observations of the ocean floor

8. THE word cruise in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ?

A. travel at a constant speed

B. function without problems

C. stay in communication

D. remain still

9. How is radio-equipped buoy operated ?

A. By operators inside the vehicle in the part underwater

B. By operators outside the vehicle on a ship

C. By operators outside the vehicle on a diving platform

D. By operators outside the vehicle on a laboratory on shore

10. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs ?

A. The temperature of the ocean’s surface

B. Cloud formation over the ocean

C. A model of the ocean’s movements

D. The location of sea ice